元朝

元朝（1206年至1368年）

元朝，亦被称为蒙古王朝或蒙古帝国在中国的统治时期。成吉思汗于1215年占领了中国北方，但直到忽必烈汗于1279年征服南方，蒙古人才完全掌控中国全境。他们在北京建立了首都（当时称为大都），并致力于大运河的重建，同时维护了良好的道路和驿站系统。在宋朝时期，的流通仅限于部分地区，而在蒙古帝国时期，已在全国范围内通用。天文学、医学和数学领域也取得了显著的进步。贸易从东欧平原横跨大草原延伸至蒙古和中国，畅通无阻。许多外国人来中国旅行（其中以马可孛罗最为著名），同时也有许多中国人前往伊朗、俄罗斯甚至西欧旅行。中国人对蒙古征服者心怀不满，因为蒙古的统治体制对中国人不公平（参见忽必烈汗）。中国艺术家通过隐退和转向个人表达来展示消极的抵抗。文人画广受欢迎，小说有所发展，也出现了新的戏剧形式。自1300年起，蒙古帝国内部继承权的争夺削弱了中央。频繁的叛乱多与如红巾军等秘密社团有关。最终，在1368年，元朝被后来的明太祖推翻。

English Version:

The Yuan Dynasty (1206-1368)

The Yuan Dynasty, also known as the Mongol Dynasty or the period of Mongolian rule in China. Genghis Khan occupied the northern part of China in 1215, but it wasn't until 1279 that Kublai Khan fully controlled southern China. They established their capital in Beijing, then called Dadu. The Mongols rebuilt the Grand Canal and maintained well-ordered roads and postal stations. Paper money, which had limited circulation during the Song Dynasty, became widely used throughout the empire. In addition, advancements were made in astronomy, medicine, and mathematics. Trade was smoothly conducted throughout the Mongol Empire, spanning from the plains of Eastern Europe across the steppes to Mongolia and China. Many foreigners, notably Marco Polo, traveled to China, and many Chinese traveled to Iran, Russia, and even Western Europe. Chinese people resented the Mongol conquerors due to the discriminatory government system they established (see Kublai Khan). Chinese artists demonstrated passive resistance by withdrawing into personal expression, and literati painting became highly popular. The development of novels and new forms of drama also occurred. However, from 1300 onward, disputes over succession weakened the central government, and frequent rebellions were connected with secret societies such as the Red Turbans. Ultimately, the Yuan Dynasty was overthrown in 1368 by the future Hongwu Emperor, who later became known as the Ming dynasty. This era was a time of significant cultural and historical shifts in China, leaving a lasting impact on the country's history and culture.